Em bedded sty le sheets are a logical step up. An em bedded sty le sheet is a section you add to the start of a web page that sets out all the styles that will be used on that page. The selector instructs the browser to apply all the declarations between the curly braces to certain elem ents. For this reason, an em bedded style sheet is a m arked im provem ent over inline styles.
But what if you have a web site that com prises m any pages? If you want to m ake your changes across the whole site, using em bedded style sheets in the way I dem onstrated above is still not quite the perfect solution. The best solution is to use an external style sheet.
Every page needed 20 or m ore different tweaks, and each tweak had to be applied consistently to every page of the site. Inevitably, som e pages were m issed and eventually the redesign plan was uncerem oniously dropped. In short, the ugly web site rem ained ugly for a whole lot longer before dying a nasty death through sheer negligence indeed, there are m any such legacy docum ents littered around the Web today.
This need not be the case though. CSS gives you the power to set styling rules in one place. When you want to m ake changes to your web site, you m ake changes in that one place, and your whole web site changes autom atically to reflect those new styles. Happy Days! CSS Support Is Here The good news is that the large m ajority of web browsers in use today offer excellent support for CSS though this has not always been the case, which is why som e people were slow to adopt CSS-based design in the past.
Som e browsers can choke on a few of the m ore advanced CSS techniques, but, by and large, you can style your web pages using CSS and be confident that what you see on your screen is the sam e view that Open your text editor and enter the following: style1. Note that the first few lines we typed into our CSS file will not actually do anything. Above, we used the com m ent sim ply to m ake a note about the purpose of the file, nam ely that it is the CSS for the Bubble Under site.
To do this, you need to add a link elem ent to the head of each and every web page that will be styled using CSS. Our site contains just three pages at the m om ent, so this will be nice and easy.
The link elem ent sim ply links a file to the page on which the elem ent appears; in this case, the linked file is a style sheet.
The href attribute tells the web browser where the style sheet file style1. You should always include these im portant attributes when linking to a. Em pty Elem ent Alert! The link elem ent is another of those special em pty elem ents we discussed earlier in this article: it does not have separate start and end tags.
Then, try opening each one in your web browser. All of your paragraphs should now display in bold, blue text. If you change the color specified in your. Go ahead, give it a try. All we need to do is set som e styles. The nature of the way in which CSS is applied m eans that every elem ent contained in the body elem ent will take on the sam e font unless another font is specified for a given elem ent or elem ents within body —but m ore on that a little later. Great: Verdana it is!
Failing that, please try using Helvetica and, failing that, Arial. If none of the above are installed, just use whatever sans-serif font is available. Type the above CSS into style1. Save the file, then open the hom epage index.
If everything went to plan, your web page all three of them , actually should display slightly differently than they did before. The figure below shows the appearance of our newly-styled hom epage. N ote that w hen y ou refer to a sans-serif font in CSS, y ou m ust hy phenate the tw o w ords, i. In your text editor, add the following to style1.
All the first -level headings now display in the Trebuchet MS font, while everything else displays in Verdana. If y ou have saved the altered file, check that y ou ty ped the CSS exactly as described.
If y ou did, y ou m ay be experiencing a caching problem w ith y our brow ser. Caching is w hen y our brow ser accesses files previously saved to the hard drive w hen y ou visit a given w eb page, rather than dow nloading new files each tim e. For exam ple, y ou enter the URL, and the brow ser pulls the page stored in its cache. This speeds up the process of display ing a w eb page that has been loaded before. Unfortunately , y our cache can soon becom e out-of -date, and w hen that happens, the page y ou visit m ight not display the m ost recent data.
This happens m ost frequently w ith im ages, but it can also occur using CSS files. Therefore, the am ount of space the cache takes up on y our hard disk before cached content is replaced w ith new er data can be adjusted. Copy the CSS below into your style1. One is to use recognized color nam es such as navy , blue , red , yellow , and so on. These are easy to rem em ber and spell, but you can be lim ited by the range.
Another way of referencing colors is to use a hexadecim al color specification. This obscure-looking reference e2edff translates to a light shade of blue. You could not, as a beginner, begin to guess that this would be a light blue. Thankfully there are num erous tools on the Web that let you choose a color from a chart often called a color picker , then give you the code to m atch.
Colors in HTML are often w ritten as a hexadecim al color specification. You m ight rem em ber the hexadecim al counting sy stem from y our high school m ath class. Or m ay be y ou w ere asleep up the back of the room. N ever m ind. W ell, y ou do now! W ell, as y ou can see, after w e reach 9, instead of going straight to 10 as w e do w hen counting in decim al w e go through A, B, C, D, E, and F before w e finally hit That gives us six extra digits to use w hen w e count.
Sound confusing? W ell, as it so happens, com puters can count in hexadecim al far better than hum ans can! The key here is that all of those num bers that w e know and love in the decim al sy stem , like 2,, 15,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 , and 42, can be represented in hexadecim al. And Table 3. The values represent the proportions of red the ff part , green the first tw o zeros , and blue the second tw o zeros that are m ixed to create the specified color.
Those three prim ary colors can be com bined to display any color on the screen, sim ilar to the w ay a television set uses different am ounts of red, green, and blue to create a single dot on its screen. It m ay not surprise y ou, then, to learn that ff w ill give y ou the color red. The line-height property is an interesting one.
Try tweaking this value, save your CSS file, and see how the new value affects the text on your web page. The padding property is used to provide space between the outside edge of the elem ent in question and the content that sits inside it. We m entioned pixels before, when we specified the size of an im age, but what is a pixel? Basically, one pixel is one of the tiny dots that m ake up what you see on the com puter screen. Font-size keywords range from xx-small to xx-large and offer a quick way to style text.
There are so m any m ore from which you can pick and choose—too m any possibilities, in fact, for us to be able to list them all here. However, this section lists som e of the basic properties and values with which you m ight like to experim ent. Feel free to try any of these in your CSS file. Be sure to provide options that users are likely to have on their com puters e. Arial, Verdana, etc. Relative font sizes are definitely the preferred option. Before y ou experim ent using the CSS properties above, it m ight be an idea to m ake a backup of y our CSS file, just in case y ou run into difficulties.
Rem em ber that y ou can dow nload all the exam ples used in this chapter from the code archive if y ou accidentally m angle y our CSS file. Our site now boasts a CSS file using a selection of attractive styles. As you can see, em phasis elem ents appear in italics by default. Open style1.
Does your page look like the figure below? Now, whenever you add an em elem ent to any web page of your site assum ing that page is linked to style1.
Presum ably, the default styles that browsers use were selected carefully; how can you be sure that redefining the styles is a good idea? They probably are.
Perhaps a com prom ise is in order. W hy not? W ell, m arking text as i say s nothing about its m eaning; i only com m unicates how it should be presented on the screen. Such elem ents are referred to as presentational HTML elem ents, and they should be avoided. Likew ise, the b elem ent for bold , another old HTML elem ent, should not be used. The preferred option is to use strong or, if y ou just w ant to display headings in bold, use CSS.
W hy is this im portant? It m ight not seem a big deal as y ou look at the italicized text in y our w eb brow ser. But im agine if y ou w ere blind, and y ou used softw are that read w eb pages aloud to y ou, instead of display ing them on the screen.
This program called a screen reader m ight read text m arked up w ith an em elem ent using slight em phasis, and text m arked up w ith strong in a m ore pow erful voice though this, of course, depends on the screen reader being used.
But w hat w ould it do w ith text m arked up w ith i or b? W ell, these elem ents say nothing about the m eaning of the text, so it w ould not treat them in any special w ay —thus potentially losing the m eaning that y ou w ere try ing to convey. A search engine e. One other presentational tag that y ou m ight see others use, but should never copy , is the u elem ent.
W rap this around som e text and needless underlining occurs that only serves to confuse users. A pen or a sheep? Well, the answer is either, depending on the context. After all, you spend m any hours a week rounding up herds of sheep into a big, solid pen. Context can change a situation quite drastically, and we can use context to our advantage in CSS. We can style an elem ent in a num ber of different ways, depending on its position. Can you spot which one it is?
The fact that this particular paragraph is contained within a specific div elem ent—which has an id attribute of tagline —can be useful. Your page should now look sim ilar to the one shown below. Perhaps a CSS-to-English translation is required. Con t e x t u a l Se le ct or s tagline p is known as a contextual selector. Plus, once you have a lot of styles on the page, it is even m ore difficult to m aintain.
So now learning is not a tough job any more. Phptpoint is going to be your new learning point where you can explore your knowledge and choose from different tutorial samples. This has the best examples to feed your requirements of learning. HTML 5 Tutorial. In this early release edition of Programming JavaScript Applications, you will have the chance to take your existing JavaScript skills to the next level and learn how to build complete web-scale or enterprise applications that are easy to extend and maintain.
This must stop. This ebook covers strategies and tips to start packaging and offering WordPress maintenance services to your clients. In this introduction to WordPress security you will learn some straightforward tips, and best practices for keeping your site safe. The Pro Git eBook, know in its second edition, covers basics of Git as well as advanced topics such as branching and running distributed Git.
It is available as a PDF file, so you can easily download it and use it as per your convenience. Written by Marcin Treder, UX Design for Start-Ups is a must read for any startup or grown-up company that wishes to keep its startup spirit and conquer the world with stunning UX Design.
The Little Book Of Modern Frontend Tooling is a free, work-in-progress, open-source book that takes you through the application development lifecycle and introduces you to the world of tooling for modern web applications. The modern web design process is a free ebook to help you learn how a well-defined process translates to high-performing websites.
Study Web Development is a free eBook on how to become a web developer and successful freelancer. The free and in-depth Mobile Game Design or, How to Start Your Own Mobile Game Company ebook talks about the main mechanics for mobile game development, as well as 'hidden game mechanics' you can use to stand out in the marketplace.
Building Web Apps with Go is an ebook from Jeremy Saenz that will teach you how to quickly build web applications with the Go programming language. Last year the popular ebook Pixel Perfect Precision Handbook was updated and released with over new 40 pages, as well as some updates to existing content. The Book of Speed by Stoyan Stefanov is a free public domain , online, open-source, not yet finished, book about web performance.
A Practical Guide to Designing for the Web aims to teach you the techniques for designing your website using the principles of graphic design. Pay Me… Or Else! It covers tactics and tips that will help you recover your hard earned money and how to avoid similar situations in the future. Introduction to Good Usability by Peter Pixel. This usabilty guide sheds some light on some common interface elements and mistakes people often make with them. This is by no means a complete guide or solid set of rules, but it is definitely a good start.
Font embedding for the web is a great step in making the web look better and become more functional, but what about security and load times? This book was originally written in for print designers whose clients wanted websites. While browser references and modem speeds may reek of , much of the advice about transitioning to the web still holds true. Integrating Accessibility Throughout Design. With the Web, people with disabilities can do more things themselves, without having to rely on others.
This book helps you improve your websites to remove accessibility barriers and avoid adding new barriers. Getting Real: The Book By 37signals. On the other hand, the RGB color scheme is mostly used for the computer displays. Without a doubt, there is a difference between color and pigment. What is more, it is a fundamental one! To make things clear, a color depicts the energy that is radiated by a luminous object. Consequently, a red area that you may see on a cathode ray tube will look red, as it radiates a big amount of light in the red portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum that, by the way, means nearly nanometers , and there is much less light radiated at another wavelength.
Talking about the pigments, they are opposed to the colors and represent the energy that is not absorbed by a substance such as paint and ink. As it has already been said, the primary pigments are cyan, magenta and yellow. In addition, from time to time black Key color is also may be a primary pigment. All in all, black can be easily made if one combines the mentioned below colors in the large and equal amounts.
So, keep in mind that if you see magenta pink ink on some pages, it looks so because it literally absorbs a big amount of energy at all the visible wavelengths except in the pink part of the spectrum, where is reflected the biggest part of the energy. By the way, did you know that the primary colors and the primary pigments are mathematically related to each other? As a result, if one combines any 2 pure radiant primary colors that still are red, green and blue , the will produce radiation, which will have the appearance of 1 of these pure non-black primary colors that are cyan, magenta and yellow.
On the other hand, if you combine any 2 non-black primary pigments, this action will give you a substance that will have the appearance of one of the pure primary colors written above. For these simple reasons, just leave your comment below! When it comes to a digital image resolution or its size, we pay attention to the number of pixels along the height and length of the digital image. In addition, the more pixels the image contains - the larger it can be printed or displayed on the monitor saving a perfect quality.
If you want to print an image of a certain size, you definitely need to pay attention to a DPI. Speaking of the size of an image in pixels, you will get a photo with x megapixels. To save you from messing up, we will explain to you another side of this abbreviation.
Another meaning of DPI comes as a methodology of statistics data accumulation, approvement, and network packets filtering due to their content. This deep packet inspection can analyze not only various packet headers but also the full amount of content that reaches second and higher OSI models levels.
DPI can easily detect and block viruses, moreover, it filters the info that does not meet any specific criteria. Deep Packet Inspection is often used by providers to take control over traffic, to block some protocols, etc. Using DPI, you can also tailor connection statistics for any user. It is the fifth version of the most popular and most used mark-up coding language.
The basics of all internet websites are built on HTML. It is a book that is shared in digital format. Some of them can have paper copies and be sold in such a way, but an eBook is just the electronic version. When we talk about coding language — yes, it is. Of course, you will also need lots of practice but learning theory from books is the simplest and fastest way to get along with HTML5.
Lilian is a young but very talented copywriter who does researches on various themes. It seems that she knows everything about TemplateMonster products and loves to do listings that could help users to find something they need.
Design trends, typography, coding, website building - Lilian writes about all those topics. Subscribe to our newsletter and access exclusive content and offers available only to MonsterPost subscribers. Please, enter a valid email! Share Tweet Share Pin. What is HTML5? What is an eBook? Is it even possible to learn something from a book? Website Installation service - to get your template up and running within just 6 hours without hassle.
No minute is wasted and the work is going. ONE Membership - to download unlimited number of WordPress themes, plugins, ppt and other products within one license. Since bigger is always better. A team of developers will do all the work for you.
Must-Have WordPress Plugins - to get the most essential plugins for your website in one bundle. All plugins will be installed, activated and checked for proper functioning. Finest Stock Images for Websites - to create amazing visuals.
0コメント