For thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics. For example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops Corn farmers, In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of microbiology and explored ways of manufacturing specific products.
In , Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing corn starch using Clostridium acetobutylicum, to produce acetone, which the United Kingdom desperately needed to manufacture explosives during World War I. Biotechnology has also led to the development of antibiotics.
In , Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium. His work led to the purification of the antibiotic compound formed by the mold by Howard Florey, Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley - to form what we today know as penicillin. In , penicillin became available for medicinal use to treat bacterial infections in humans. The commercial viability of a biotechnology industry was significantly expanded on June 16, , when the United States Supreme Court ruled Diamond,et al.
Working for General Electric which had modified a bacterium Pseudomonas genus capable of breaking down crude oil, which he proposed to use in treating oil spills. Chakrabarty's work did not involve gene manipulation but rather the transfer of entire organelles between strains of the Pseudomonas bacterium.
Revenue in the industry is expected to grow by Another factor influencing the biotechnology sector's success is improved intellectual property rights legislation—and enforcement—worldwide, as well as strengthened demand for medical and pharmaceutical products to cope with an ageing, and ailing, U.
Rising demand for biofuels is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector, with the Department of Energy estimating ethanol usage could reduce U. The biotechnology sector has allowed the U. By boosting farm productivity, biotechnology plays a crucial role in ensuring that biofuel production targets are met.
Despite the fact that some bacteria play harmful roles, such as causing disease and spoiling food, the economic importance of bacteria includes both their useful and harmful aspects Wang, It is also called recombinant DNA technology. In genetic engineering, pieces of DNA vector system. The foreign DNA becomes a perm ant feature of the host, being replicated and passed onto daughter cell along with the rest of its DNA, bacterial cell are transformed and used in production of commercially important products.
The examples are production of human insulin used against dwarfism , human growth which can be used to help fight viral diseases. Using biotechnology techniques or biomedical technology bacteria can also be bioengineered for the production of therapeutic proteins Bionewsonline. Fiber Retting : Bacterial population, especially that of are used to separate fibers of jute, hemp, flax etc.
Digestion: Some bacteria living in the gut of cattle horse and other herbivores secrete cellulose, an enzyme that helps in the digestion of the cellulose contents of plant cell walls. Cellulose is the major source of energy for those animals. Generally plant cells contain cellulose. The bacteria present in the stomach of cattle will help in the digestion of cellulose.
Vitamin Synthesis: The Escherichia coli E-coli that lives in the human large intestine synthesis vitamin B and release it for human use. Similarity, Clostridium botulinum is used for commercial preparation of riboflavin and vitamin B and vitamin K. Harmful Bacteria: some bacteria are harmful and act either as disease causing agents pathogens both in plants and animals or may play a role in food spoilage. Plant Pathogens Bacteria: plant disease caused by bacterial plant pathogens are the major problems worlds wide for agriculture.
Besides bacterial pathogens that are already established in many areas, there are many instances of pathogens moving to new geographic areas or even the emergencies of new pathogens variants. In addition, bacterial plants pathogens are particularly difficult to control because of the shortage of chemical control agents for bacteria, apart from antibiotics, however, the use of antibiotics resistance and the transmission of antibiotic resistance to bacteria that can cause human disease.
Besidesthisfunction, cropped areas also provide habitats for many nativeand naturalizedspecies. Some agricultural systems are over years old; older than some ecosystems such as heath lands regarded as 'natural', so there has been time for species to develop dependence on agricultural systems for all of,or part of their life cycle. Non-crop biodiversity provides crucial 'ecosystem services' which include maintenance of soil fertility, regulation of pests and pollination of the crop, however it is generally true that the greater the biomass of non-crop organisms, the lesser are resources available for the crop itself.
This has led humans to simplify agricultural ecosystems by reducing or eliminating weeds and crop pests, together with much non-target biodiversity. The increasing success of these strategies has brought greater crop yields, but has come at the expense of long-term sustainability. As farmersrezly more and more on external inputs to support the demands of nutrient-hungry crop varieties and to fend off ever-tougher pests and weeds Squassina et al.
Since agriculture covers large parts of the earth, characteristics of crops and their management regimes are important for the conservation of a significant proportion of world biodiversity.
The challenge for the future is to develop ways of producing a stable and adequate food supply whilst safeguarding natural biodiversity. This is likely to be achieved through a combination of careful management and the breeding of more appropriate crop varieties Squassina et al. The use of genetic engineering to improve crop plant varieties can be seen as a 'natural' extension of plant breeding, in the sense that the goals are still the same.
In the technical and ethical senses though, genetic engineering- also referred to as 'modern biotechnology to distinguish it from traditional applications of biotechnology such as the use of yeast in bread-making which do not entail the manipulation of genomes - is a radically new technology with a whole range of potential bio-safety implications USinfo.
Domesticated crop species today bear little or no resemblance to their wild progenitors. From wild genetic material, humans have both consciously and unconsciously selected for traits which make plants into better food sources: faster growth; greater productivity; higher nutritional value; easier management and harvest ability USinfo.
Despite the undoubted success of crop breeding in enabling humans to establish more or less reliable food supplies for growing sedentary populations, there are still a number of constraints on agricultural production. The ideal crop variety would probably be perennial, tolerant to weed populations, pest and disease resistant, nitrogen fixing, rapidly maturing, easily harvested and a highly nutritious food source.
It would have highly efficient photosynthesis and nutrient use, perhaps produce several crops per season, provide good quality wildlife habitat and require little or no management Nim. It is increasingly clear that the kinds of traits breeders would really like to see in crops may only be attained by exploiting genetic material that is inaccessible by conventional breeding methods. Furthermore, plant breeding is an increasingly commercial enterprise. The introduction of novel and useful agronomic or quality traits can add significant value to crop variety and the biggest companies have access to markets all around the globe.
These reasons, coupled with the fact that our understanding of genetics has increased exponentially in the latter half of the 20th century, explain the growing interest in genetic engineering for the improvement of crop varieties Nim. However, crop breeding has over time, resulted in a gradual but accelerating erosion of genetic diversity within crop gene pools [see also - Magnitude, Distribution and Characteristics of Change in Biodiversity; - Biotechnology and agro-biodiversity as local landraces are lost to commercially produced brands.
Commercial varieties are often more susceptible to pests and diseases and so require higher pesticide inputs; this is particularly true of varieties planted as monocultures across large areas of countryside. Specific traits now being incorporated into crop varieties have enabled changes to more environmentally damaging agricultural practices, for example the widespread adoption of autumn sows in temperate regions.
New varieties are constantly being developed to extend the range of agronomic options for both forage crops especially maize and legumes , and food and industrial crops such as potatoes, oil-seeds and cereals. In many areas, this is leading to more specialization and a decline in traditional mixed farms, with their biodiversity-rich mosaics of forage areas, patches of native vegetation and arable fields Paarl burg et al.
For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic products examples include beer and milk products.
Another example is using naturally present bacteria by the mining industry in bioleaching. A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of biotechnology; for example: Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization as well as analysis of biological data possible.
Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.
Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micro propagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environments in the presence or absence of chemicals. I really liked your Information. Keep up the good work. Desentupidora em Suzano. Biotechnology Seminars topics. Biotechnology, Pharmacy and Medical seminars topics collection. Download full mechanical engineering seminars in doc, pdf or ppt format.
One day in , the Swiss engineer George de Mestral was cleaning his dog of burrs picked up on a walk when he realised how the hooks of the burrs clung to the In scientists discovered that DNA can transfer between organisms. Also See: iPhone ppt. Well, all the great developments come with the associated problems and a few of them are as follows:. The implications of nanotechnology in the health and safety issues, political and social issues are as follows:. Content of the Seminar and pdf report for Nanotechnology.
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